Descartes’ statement Cogito Ergo Sum Essay

Cogito ergo sum. Scholars would recognize this issue of high debates even today, almost five hundred years after the words were uttered; though in the present most people in the world wouldn’t understand what it refers to. In 1641, Renà © Descartes published his â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy,† in which his first meditation dismisses everything that he perceives as reality and posits that he is nothing more than a disembodied brain being manipulated by some outside source. In his second meditation, he questions if he is real. And the fact that he is able to ponder his reality leads him to the conclusion that â€Å"I think therefore I am†: Cogito ergo sum. His first meditation came to an end with the realization that there was no way to justify his sensual observations. He proceeds to say that in that case he will regard himself â€Å"as not having hands, eyes, flesh, blood, and senses- but as having the false belief† that he has all those things. However, in his second meditation, he questions his knowledge of everything beyond his sensory perception. He begins to argue with himself about if he actually exists. Does he have a body? But his first meditation dictates that he has no body. But if he has no body or vessel, does that mean he doesn’t exist? He concludes that he must exist because someone is constantly deceiving him. And if he is constantly being deceived, then there must be something that exists which is being deceived. I find that Descartes’ theories and meditations provide a fallacy of information for the student. If one were to watch the movie Abres Los Ojos, a psychiatrist who helps the protagonist to find out the truth about his own reality. In the end, the movie-watcher finds out that the entire movie was a dream. Yet, the psychiatrist tries to tell the protagonist it is not just a simple dream for several reasons, the first being that he exists and is being deceived. Here we have an instance that perfectly demonstrates that erroneous belief of Descartes’, Cogito ergo sum. If this psychiatrist is only figment of the protagonist’s imagination, then is the psychiatrist not being deceived? But if he is only the figment of an imagination, then how can he exist? There are no answers to these questions in Descartes’ second meditation. To further support my inclination, studying the Hindu dogma would lead us to believe that we are all manifestations of Brahma in a dream as he sleeps; as soon as Brahma is to wake up, we would all stop to exist. If we are to still believe Descartes’ theory, then we must discuss the question: What does it mean to have a real existence? To draw on my first example, does the psychiatrist exist? The psychiatrist was a manifestation of some part of the protagonist and existed in his dream, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that the psychiatrist has a real existence. The psychiatrist must contemplate Descartes’ belief if he fights so hard for his own existence. In the movie Spider, a man rediscovers his past after spending the last 30-40 years in a mental institution. He relives his past when he is sent to a halfway house in his hometown. We are able to see his spiral into madness as his memories are perverted by himself. He decides that his father has killed his mother and replaced her with a local bar whore. He ends up figuring out that the woman he envisioned (and killed) was in actuality his mother with a mental masque that he projected onto her. In this situation, we must ask Descartes, who exists? The mother or the bar whore? To the protagonist, the bar whore exists and his mother is killed. However, to the protagonist’s father the woman his son sees as a bar whore is the same woman that he has been married to for almost fifteen years. But to the mind of the boy, it is no longer his mother. Furthermore, in another movie, eXistenZ, an entire universe is created for a game by plugging yourself into an organic computer. All the characters and people unique to that organic computer are now in question; do these characters exist? Are these characters real? To the gamer (the one plugged in), these people exist for the moment and only as long as they can be interacted with. This brings into question another philosophical debate of old: If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to here, does it make a sound? How do we know that things beyond our vision exist? Does everything that we can’t perceive with out senses still exist? We breathe air but we can’t see it, or taste it, much less hear or smell it. Thus we come back to Descartes’  first meditation: we don’t truly know what exists and we have no way of justifying our sensory perceptions. Through my own experiences, I posit that I exist because thought I don’t have total control over my surroundings, I can still cause ripples that will change my environment for myself or those who will come there at a later (indeterminate) time. Now to expand this theory, I believe that anything that can cause ripples in an environment exists. Consequently, most anything that we can perceive (and even more that we can’t) exist. Furthermore, just because a thing doesn’t think (for example: rocks, terra, tomatoes, ants) doesn’t mean it doesn’t exist, or that it isn’t. My belief also goes for the lack of an existence. For instance, if all the oxygen were to suddenly and instantaneously transport to a different place then a huge vacuum would form in the previous location of all the oxygen. The sudden appearance of oxygen would crowd up the new location and may even force out something else that also exists because that movement also causes a ripple. The initial location of the oxygen would find someway of filling up that space and anything else that exists would be most likely pulled into that area and causing yet more ripples. This system not only provides for existence, it provides a way to check if something exists; simply check if it causes an effect that provides a temporary or continuous change on the environment, and even if it doesn’t provide a change that can be readily registered by your senses that doesn’t necessarily mean that a thing doesn’t exist (see oxygen example in preceding paragraph). The only things that are not included in this definition is brain density; no matter how dense it is, the brain will produce the same thought processes and consequently not exist. Descartes is ultimately wrong in his conclusion that thought and contemplation of existence proves existence. In that case, what is existence? Existence occurs when a ripple is formed to change an environment, and therefore close to everything has existence of some kind, if only primary ripple effects are observed.

The Professor And The Madman

The Professor and the Madman, written by Simon Winchester, is a biography about the making of the Oxford English Dictionary. Winchester, who is an author, journalist, broadcaster and foreign correspondent, has written for many magazines and newspapers distributed worldwide. In an interview between Winchester and a host of C-SPAN, Winchester was asked where the idea for the book came, he replies Well, it came to me in a rather bizarre way. I was reading a book on lexicography in the bath one morning, as one does, I suppose, just before breakfast, and it was a book–a wonderful book called â€Å"Chasing The Sun† by a man called Jonathan Green. And it had a reference–it said, `Readers will be familiar with the extraordinary story of Dr. W. C. Minor, an American lunatic murderer, who was a prodigiously energetic contributor to the OED. ’ And I remember sitting up in the bath, Archimedeslike, dripping and saying, `Well, I know nothing about this. ’ Winchesters main foundation for this book is to clarify the tale of the making of the Oxford English Dictionary The formation of the Oxford English Dictionary began in 1857 and took seventy years to finish. Tens of thousands of individuals organized the expansive language into 414,825 exact definitions. The story begins with the grisly murder of George Merrett, by William Chester Minor the former U. S. Army officer and qualified surgeon. On February 17th of 1872 in the early morning William Minor had been sleeping, when he awoke to some noises of someone in his flat. He sat up and saw someone standing at the foot of his bed. He proceeded to chase the individual into the street, and shot at the person as they attempted to flee. He ended up shooting the first person that came into view apparently, and this person was George Merrett. Merrett had never met W. C Minor and had been heading home after a long day at work. W. C Minor was arrested. While in prison, he appeared to act exceptionally strange. One of the guards told the jury that Minor accused him of paying people to enter his room and molest him while he slept. This evidence clearly showed that W. C Minor was insane and was sent to the Asylum for the Criminally Insane, Broadmoore. The judge stated that he would remain there until her Majestys Pleasure be known. Professor James Murray, an extraordinarily educated former schoolmaster and bank clerk, sent out an announcement about the making of the Oxford English Dictionary, asking for literary contributions. From his cell in Broadmoore, Minor came across this announcement and began contributing examples from his massive collection of new and scarce antique books. Minor had an enormous collection of books in his cell, which were not available to Murray and the staff, where the dictionary was being created. Thousand of neat and well-written quotes and examples came from Minor over several years to Oxford. Murray was only fifty miles away from where Minor was living, and had no idea that Minor was committed to an asylum. On several occasions Minor had been asked to visit Murray In Oxford, where they could meet and discuss the dictionary. Minor declined all invitations, without an explanation, and only an apology. After being rebuffed several times, Murray offered to visit Minor and Minor accepted the offer. Upon arrival Murray discovered that Minor was not a doctor of the asylum as he had assumed, but a resident. Murray was shocked, but that didnt dissuade him from visiting Minor. Although Minor constantly complained about people molesting him while he slept, people breaking into his room at night, and his personal possessions being vandalized Murray ignored the strange comments and went on with his visits. Minors stepbrother began writing appeals to the court, asking that his brother be allowed to transfer to a hospital in the United States. James Murray, who spent more than 40 years editing the dictionary, and up until 1910 wrote and visited Minor regularly, until Minor was released and allowed to go back to the U. S. On July 16th 1915 Murray died, surrounded by friends and relatives. In November 1915 Minor wrote to Lady Murray, offering all his books to the Scriptorium. On Friday March 26th 1920 Minor died from a cold that developed into bronchopneumonia. The English Oxford Dictionary took eight more years to be completed. On New Years Eve of 1927 its completion was announced. The Professor and the madman is a wonderfully written biography. Before each chapter was a word that defined the whole chapter. Most of the book was in chronological order, except for the parts where the author backtracked in order to elaborate. The postscript and authors note gave a bit of insight on where he got his idea to write the book, and some of his resources. Unlike The Bluest Eye written by Toni Morrison, the diction was easy to follow, and storyline was far from depressing. Winchester was very straightforward, and turned a little known tale into a well-written and very compelling book. I had my doubts about this particular book. I got this book, when the report was first assigned. I attempted to read, but found the first chapter dreadfully boring, and returned the book to the bookstore. I forgot about the report until I was reminded a week ago. I went to go and find a different book, but had no luck, so I bought the book again. I am glad that I did end up with this book. I enjoyed The Professor and the Madman immensely. I have no recollection of ever hearing about the authors of the Oxford English Dictionary.

Introduction to Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Introduction to Business - Essay Example This implies that Potz’s assets are more likely to be converted into cash beforehand to that of the Wannabees. It is therefore believed that Potz possess lesser risk to the banks and thus suits more to their requirements to pay-off the loan. (Brigham, 1985) The calculations of the acid test ratio have only confirmed our opinion. It can be observed from the calculations above that Wannabee has too much cash entrapped in inventories which takes time to liquidate. (Brigham, 1985) On the other hand Potz, whose acid-test ratio is 5.7 times larger than that of the Wannabees, is more likely to attract the bank due to its ability to liquefy itself. Therefore, it is expected that the Potz is more likely to receive the loan due to its capacity to turn its assets into cash, which can be reflected in the calculations of their acid-test ratio. Despite the fact that liquidity plays an important role in the bank’s decision to grant the loan but one cannot ignore the impact of the profitability, efficiency and leverage ratios in the process. However, if the best decision is to be based on the ratios given in the exercise then Potz is likely to succeed in the

Drugs and War on Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Drugs and War on Drugs - Essay Example Introduction:   In the United States, drugs first came into use reportedly during the 1800s.  During the time of the American Civil War, opium as well as cocaine started gaining popularity. In the post-war era, Coca was commonly used as a constituent element in several health drinks. In1906, Morphine was discovered and it was basically used for medical purposes. Doctors made use of Heroin for treating respiratory diseases, and these treatments proved to be successful in most cases. Moreover, they prescribed Morphine as a common pain reliever. The demand for Cocaine increased as the era of junk food and soft drinks was rolling by, especially so in case of Coca-Cola, which used Cocaine as one of its main ingredients. However, these drugs were being misused and the local governments started to prohibit opium dens and opium imports. Additionally, the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 required all physicians to precisely label their medicines and drugs were not considered as harmless rem edies for pains and aches. In 1914, The Harrison Narcotics Act was passed, which is the first federal drug policy of the United States. The act was strictly enforced and it controlled the manufacture and trade of cocaine, marijuana, morphine and heroin. Moreover, physicians who prescribed drugs to addicts, were severely punished by being thrown in jails or paying high fines, especially in the period between 1915 and 1938. So, it can be discerned that through this federal drug policy, the government basically targeted pharmacists and physicians. Furthermore, in 1930, the Treasury Department formulated the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, which would later on shape the American view of drug policies. Various records and data show that drugs were gradually viewed as more offensive in the following years.  In 1951, The Boggs Act radically increased the severity of punishment awarded against the use of marijuana.  In 1956, Narcotics Control Act was passed, which proved to be one of the m ost strongly enforced acts during the time.  In order to make the punishment system more effective, discretion of probation and suspended sentences was removed.  Parole was rendered to those who were only convicted for the possession of drugs, however for those who were caught selling heroin and other drugs to minors, the only option was death penalty. A slinger criticized the judges for being easy on drug dealers and suggested longer minimum sentences.  He established a penalizing drug policy with a spotlight on drug law enforcement.   The Federal Bureau of Narcotics used propaganda also as a preventative measure.  They brought awareness to the people through facts such as  marijuana being responsible for bizarre cases of madness, sex crimes and murder.  There occurred a lot of horrifying incidents as a result of drug abuse and several people suffered in its wake.  During the 1940s and 1950s, people simply did not believe in these incidents and thought them to be ma ke-believe. This resulted in the former failing to heed to the government’s caution about drugs and falling victim to drug abuse on a larger scale.  However, the 1960s gave rise to a rebellious movement, which aimed at popularizing the use of drugs.  The demand for drugs in America reached its peak during this period. The Johnson

Understanding management accounting and financial management Assignment - 1

Understanding management accounting and financial management - Assignment Example Understanding management accounting and financial management The cash budget presents the activity of the company over the first 12 months of its operations and assesses how much cash it can generate while working in the due course of business. As it is apparent from the above computation that in the first month the company has negative cash flow as it is the policy of the company to sale goods on credit and majority of the creditor settles claims after the month of the sales. After the first few months, the cash flow of the company has changed from negative to positive and thus it continues to grow for the next months till December. In order to further increase it cash flows, the company should curtail its variable cost of production and should ensure that creditors are approached in order to award the company with discounts. Another method for ensuring that the company has healthy cash flow is that the company should ask the creditors for increasing the settlement period. By doing so, the company would have ample amount of cash available and thus it can invest it in the working capital. Good working capital is essential for better functionality of the business and the company can assess the working capital requirement by looking at its cash budget. For example, since the cash flow is negative in the first two months, the company needs to manage its working capital prudently in these two months so that they can finance the rest of the operations of the year easily. A budget is a financial and a quantitative statement prepared prior to a defined

Congress Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Congress - Coursework Example If not, the whole process will be repeated again. It is, therefore, estimated that only 10 percent of the bills are processed ahead and becomes a law. It is necessary for a bill to go through three houses such as committee consideration, floor debates and conference committees. Bill Every new bill is passed to committee consideration with a subject matter. The government officials and experts give their opinion on the particular. Later, the committee decides to forward the bill further to the floor. Floor debate is liable to set time and rules for the debate. Senators are allowed to speak on their desired bill without any time limit. Therefore, this rule is considered as a filibuster for stretching the duration of a bill. When the bill is controversial or important then it is moved forward to steering committee which is the third step. The bill is then passed to upper house and lower house again after which it moves to the president for final signature (ushistory.org, 2015). On March 30, 1995, Larry Pressler introduced a bill of telecommunication in American Senate. The Senate committee of commerce, science and transportation considered the bill and it was subsequently passed by the senate on June 15, 1995. On 12th October 1995, the House also passed the bill. The Bill of Telecommunication was signed by the president William J. Clinton on February 8, 1996 (Paglin, Hobson, & Rosenbloom,

American History - The the continent of America is a new beginning for Research Paper - 1

American History - The the continent of America is a new beginning for a better life of justice, liberty and freedom - Research Paper Example Every person has the right of justice in this world. All are equal in the eyes of law. According to the past history of England, An agreement was signed by the British government. The agreement had given right of justice to all the people living in England. There was a practice of implementing different laws in various parts of England. The law implementation difference caused great differences between the people. The perception of difference of color, birth place, and class was enhanced. The society in England argued that difference in implementation of law has violated the right of justice for them. The people of England presented their arguments that they were not satisfied with difference of implementation of law. The law should be implemented on all in a same manner so that the right of justice would be available for all people in England. It was decided by the council of Army that all laws would be implemented for general public. There would not be any discrimination of charter , degree, birth or place. There would be no exemption for anyone to be exempted from the implication of law. The exemption would create differences and society will be divided. All the cities of England are bound to implement the laws which are considered to be implemented in other cities. Powerful people should also bring in the ordinary course of dealing and there would not be any discrimination regarding to Law (Foner). The people living in the society have different religions. The principle of mankind gives a teaching of respect of all religion. The respect would inspire the people to live with brotherhood. The past history shows the hatred among people with respect to religion. The people often speak about others without any reason. It was common in the state that Hutchinson was continuously speaking out against the Clergy by defective logics. They were trying to degrade Clergy. It was observed by the

Systems of Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Systems of Governance - Essay Example It is evident from the study that the American economy operates as a welfare state that also enables its economic firms to exist with a reasonable amount of freedom. Changing to a welfare state would not only put too many responsibilities on the government, it would also take away the responsibilities of corporate social responsibility that helps bring back money into the economy for social purposes without the problems that are associated with taxation. This would also force the government to increase the taxes that are levied on its populace and this would lead to widespread discontent that would then lead to an inefficient functioning of the economic apparatus across the country. Following the Great Depression, the American government started a new system of offering benefits to the less privileged sections of the society; people who were unemployed and had to depend on the government for their survival. There were limited benefits that were made available to American citizens in areas that included healthcare as a part of it. The state sponsors part of these expenses for the citizens and this is funded through taxes. An entirely capitalist system would dispense with such schemes and promote the welfare of the capitalists and seek to ensure the well-being of the market and the factors that affect the market. In such an economy, the welfare of old citizens would not be a priority and so wouldn’t the welfare of the other vulnerable sections of the society. ... A state capitalist system, would however, enable both the creation of wealth and the implementation of welfare projects. The flaws of this system would however be the tendency of government firms to lapse into a state of lethargy that, if guarded against, can enable the system to work well. This system too, can only be used in a limited manner owing to the fact that this system may lead to a reduction in the level of entrepreneurship that arises from the people of the country. This may cause a lot of loss in potential for the American economy if this system is adopted. Unlike these systems, the socialist system places the entire burden of enterprise as well as welfare on the state that then has to also implement a system whereby it provides equality for all that is an imposed freedom rather than one that evolves out of natural processes. This economy leads to the stunting of entrepreneurial activity which is the lifeblood of the American economy and needs to be used very selectively. Adopting elements of the Danish state that also employs a mixed economy is a tricky proposition since the dynamics of the social, economic and political situations of the two countries involved are extremely different. Denmark, even though a mixed economy, tilts more towards the model of a welfare state that other Scandinavian countries follow in different degrees, too. The welfare of the citizens is taken care in healthcare and the pensions for vulnerable sections are also attended to by the state. Healthcare insurances are provided by the government. All these welfare projects, however, lead to a high level of taxation that would be unsustainable in a country like the United States of America. Apart from this, Denmark allows the minimum wages to be set by the trade unions and

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Essay Example for Free

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Essay This measurable activity can be detected by a Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, machine. The machine created a powerful magnetic field which aligned the hydrogen atoms in the body. Radio waves are used to alter the alignment of this magnetization which causes the atoms to emit a weak radio signal that can be detected by the machine. The subject lies very still in the MRI machine, essentially a giant cylinder. A movement of more than 3 mm could render the image useless so absolute stillness is a necessity. The test can take anywhere from 15 minutes to 2 hours and during that time the subject will undergo various stimulants designed to alter the neural activity (MRI 2007). In regards to detecting deceit, the subject would undergo a series of questions while the neural activity is monitored. At least two companies have been established to use fMRI for lie detection purposes, No Lie MRI, Inc. and Cephos Corporation (FRMI 2007). They represent the latest in scientific achievement for detecting the truthfulness of people. Since this technique is so new, there will obviously be questions to its reliability. However, these questions will work themselves through as more research is done on this particular topic. Unfortunately, several court cases may have determined that this technique may not be admissible in court. On the federal side the court case Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals changed how scientific â€Å"expert† evidence was determined to be admissible. According to D. Arthur Kelsey, the â€Å"pre-Daubert courts allowed scientific testimony when the underlying scientific theory or basis of opinion was generally accepted as reliable within the expert’s particular field† (Kesley 2006). This concept, as noted by Wikipedia entries, is known as the Frye test. It came about in 1923 in the case Frye v. United States which asked if the evidence was relevant and generally accepted. Modern critics complained that the Frye test was antiquated and did not allow for new, cutting-edge scientific evidence to be presented (Frye 2007). Other critics were concerned that if the evidence was allowed purely on relevance alone, too much scientific evidence include so called â€Å"junk science† would result. The Frye test was simply too simple for it to be used in the complex, modern world. An overhaul of that standard was needed. One man pushing for reform was Peter Huber. He wrote a book called Galileo’s Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom. The book asserted that junk science was destroying the American courtroom. His theory was based on two premises. First, the average juror was too stupid to understand what is and what is not junk science. The second premise was the result of junk science discourages companies from introducing better products in fear or being sued (Daubert 2007). In 1993, the Supreme Court revisited this issue to answer the modern problem of new scientific evidence. The ruling gave birth to the Daubert standard. This standard is based on two aspects: relevancy and reliability. The question of relevancy asks whether the evidence has anything to do with the case. Although some expert testimony can be related to a case, it may not necessarily be relevant to it. To determine whether evidence is considered reliable, the Supreme Court determined that the conclusions of the expert witness must have been derived using the scientific method (Daubert 2007). To meet the standard of the scientific method, four things are needed. First, the test or theory must be falsifiable, refutable, and testable. This is also called empirical testing. Second, it must be â€Å"subjected to peer review and publication. † Third, it must have a â€Å"known or potential error rate and the existence and maintenance of standards concerning its operation. † Finally, the theory and technique is generally accepted by a relevant scientific community† (Daubert 2007). Technically speaking the Frye test contained the last aspect of the scientific method, but it failed to include the first three. To summarize, the Daubert standard asks five questions from every new technique to determine if it is admissible. First, â€Å"has the technique been tested in actual field conditions (and not just in a laboratory)? † Second, â€Å"has the technique been subject to peer review and publication? † Third, â€Å"what is the known or potential rate of error? Is it zero, or low enough to be close to zero? † Fourth, â€Å"do standards exist for the control of the techniques operation? † Finally, â€Å"Has the technique been generally accepted within the relevant scientific community? (Daubert 2007)† Initial reaction was that of praise for the reform. However, according to the Tellus Institute the standard in practice has not been favorable. A 2002 RAND study showed a significant increase in the rejection of expert testimony of which 90% fell against the plaintiffs (Daubert 2007). The problem is judges are not scientists yet Daubert asks them to make scientific decisions. Essentially they because â€Å"amateur scientists. † In some states, plaintiffs prefer to use the state court because they tend to be friendlier to expert witnesses (Tellus 2007). Kelsey asserts that the Daubert shifts the question of who decides whether the scientific evidence is reliable from the scientific community to the judge. Under federal law, using the Daubert standard, the fMRI would questionable as admissible evidence. The problem is with the complex nature of the test itself. Although MRIs are generally accepted within the medical community, this concept is no longer used as a test since the Daubert standard replaced the Frye test. Judges now have to weigh whether or not the fMRI is reliable as evidence. For evidence to be considered admissible, the conclusions must derive from the scientific method. Unfortunately, one of the biggest critiques of the fMRI is how it does not follow the method of the scientific method. Wikipedia points out that â€Å"many theoretical models used to explain fMRI signals are so poorly specified that they are not falsifiable. † This is a central tenet of the scientific model. This only can exclude it as evidence and any good defense attorney will point that out to a judge. Also, critics claim that fMRI is simply a modern day phrenology. Phrenology is the theory that claims to be able to determine character and personality traits based on the shape of the head, according to Wikipedia (2007). This concept is derived by how fMRI looks for where hemodynamic activity occurs in the brain as opposed to how. Although this comparison is hardly fair considering one is not based on science and the other is. Nevertheless, it may be enough to have a judge throw it out as evidence. Relevancy also comes into question as the second part of Daubert. Although truth is always relevant in a case, are the specific subject’s results from an fMRI during questioning relevant? Based on this, most likely the fMRI would not pass the Daubert standard and not deemed admissible in court. This is unfortunate as the Daubert standard is essentially calling fMRI lie detection â€Å"junk science† when it is far from it. It is new science and the federal system does not allow for a practical way for new science to present itself. Rather it applies an old model against the new science. However, some states are making laws that allow techniques such as fMRI to be admissible. The state of Virginia is one such state that has sought to ensure that its evidence not fall prey to that of the Daubert standard. Kesley points out that Virginia disliked the Frye test more than the federal courts because it believed is yielded far too much power to the scientific community and not to the consensus of the specific jury. As a result in 1993 Virginia passed a law that used a then-existing Federal Rule of Evidence 702 to change its statues on how evidence was looked at. The Supreme Court also looked at the Federal Rule of Evidence and made its ruling on Daubert based on it. However, the Rule 702 has undergone 2000 amendments to make it into what is now the Daubert standard. Virginia, although it notes Daubert, refuses to accept any changes to the system (2006). Kesley goes on stating that expert testimony in Virginia must meet specific requirements. The assumption of the evidence cannot be speculative or rely on insufficient factual basis. It cannot contain â€Å"disregarded† variable, rely on â€Å"dissimilar tests,† or create an â€Å"illusory impression of exactness. † Judges do not deem the evidence reliable or unreliable. Instead they make what is called a â€Å"threshold finding. † Instead of ruling simply whether it is admissible or not, the judge determines whether a reasonable juror could distinguish between reliable and unreliable. Based on this, that state of Virginia would almost certainly accept the fMRI into evidence. Although the fMRI does not necessarily follow that of the scientific standard, this is not a basis to determine if the evidence is admissible in Virginia. So long as its relevancy is not questioned in its use, a judge will likely allow it to be used in court as evidence. Under Virginia statutes, the judge will only determine whether a reasonable juror could determine if the fMRI is reliable in the particular case. Even though there are questions to the fMRI’s exactness, the judge would still allow it to be presented. The Daubert cases shows how sweeping reforms, although well intended can result to a system worse than the one it replaced. By shifting focus from the experts to the judicial system, the Daubert standard placed a power on judges that they are ill-qualified to handle. It is also an insult to potential jurors that they are simply too stupid to determine for themselves what is and what is not. Although the scientific evidence can be confusing, the standard removed any chance to prove to a juror the evidence is indeed authentic, reliable, and trustworthy. The federal courts cannot go back to Frye. Frye opened the door to too much interpretation from the scientific community. Although one segment of the scientific community may agree with a piece of evidence, another may not. Which is correct? Are either correct? Frye left too many questions about the evidence and it yielded too much control to the scientific community. The federal system does need to adapt somehow. They cannot leave it they way it is. In contrast, the state of Virginia has provided a good, fair system for allowing scientific evidence to be presented. They, too, agreed that Frye was inadequate to be effectively used. It may have worked well in 1923, but it was time to move to the 21st century. However, Virginia did not make the mistake of shifting all the decision making from one group to another. Rather it diluted the power yielded by the scientific community and placed some control with the judged. Nevertheless it never removed the importance of the juror to the courtroom. Whereas the federal system seemed to treat the juror as unintelligent and not suited for big decision making, Virginia did not want to take away the big decision from the jurors. For the fMRI system it represents a new technological advance in lie detection. It also represents a new challenge to the courts. Based on the federal court case rulings, the fMRI system would not be allowed as evidence because it does not follow the scientific method. Despite all of its potential, the federal system removes this power tool because of a rigid standard applied to a dynamic technology. Most likely, this will only prevent the federal system from advancing. However, it may also motivate the federal system to change how it views evidence. FMRI, however, will be welcomed in Virginia as evidence. Despite its faults the Virginia system is flexible enough to accomidate new technology such as the fMRI, but is not too flexible to allow â€Å"junk science† to permeate amongst the other evidence. Between the two systems, in regards to how it is applied to fMRI, the Virginia system is more fair and realistic in today’s courtroom. Work Cited Daubert Standard (2007) Wikipedia Foundation. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Daubert_standard FRMI (2007) Wikipedia Foundation. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/FMRI Frye Test (2007) Wikipedia Foundation. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Frye_test Haemodynamic Response (2007) Wikipedia Foundation. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Haemodynamic_response Kesley, D. Arthur (2006) Virginia’s Answer to Daubert’s Question Behind the Question. Retrieved on Dec 3, 2007 from http://www. ajs. org/ajs/publications/Judicature_PDFs/902/Kesley_902. pdf Lie Detection (2007) Wikipedia Foundation. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lie_detection Tellus Institute (2003) Daubert: The Most Influential Supreme Court Ruling You’ve Never Heard Of. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://www. defendingscience. org/upload/Daubert-the-Most-Influential-Supreme-Court-Decision-You-ve-Never-Heard-Of-2003. pdf Lie Detection (2007) Wikipedia Foundation. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lie_detection

Policy Implications of Psychology Model of Mental Disorder

Policy Implications of Psychology Model of Mental Disorder This essay will review the article Policy implications of a psychological model of mental disorder (Kinderman, P., Sellwood, W. and Tai, S., 2007), and discuss how this article is relevant to my future career, by comparing the ideas that it espouses with those in other articles within the same field. The broad idea that underpins this article is that existing mental health service policy is predicated on the medical model of mental disorder, and that a psychological model of mental disorder could help to inform or even replace the medical model in terms of shaping policy. Kinderman et al’s (2007) article presents the view that mental disorders are â€Å"implicitly assumed to be biological disorders requiring treatment with variants on the traditional medical care systems†. The article presents evidence from a number of different sources, including the National Office of Statistics, and the charity Mind, in support of the view that people suffering from mental disorders often receive inappropriate care, and that the underlying reason is the assumption of medical rather than psychological models of therapy. The mediating psychological processes model of mental disorder (Kinderman, 2005, as cited by Kinderman et al 2007) is the psychological model proposed to enhance or replace the existing medical model. This model sees social and cultural influences, as well as biological factors as causing disturbances in the psychological processes of people suffering from mental disorders, as the diagram from Kinderman et al (2007) below illustrates; The benefits of using this model are that interventions would be designed to benefit the underlying psychological processes rather than to treat a diagnosed ‘illness’ as part of a generic medical response. The model suggests causation is external to the individual, and that mental disorder is a response to external factors. The difference with this model in relation to the medical model is that the medical model only considers biological factors, and ignores social and cultural factors. Interventions, from this perspective, would therefore be much broader, and would include in large part mental health workers, with less emphasis on the more medically inclined psychiatric approach, and more emphasis on a multi-disciplinary approach. Kinderman et al’s (2007) article goes on to look at how services could be structured around a social rather than medical framework and how existing organisational and operational structures would be altered across management and front-line departments. How users would engage with a service restructured around psychological concerns is looked at, particularly with respect to the stigma felt by patients that is currently associated with the medical model of mental ‘illness’, and the implications for patient recovery models. The more community-based, ‘quality of life’ approach to caring for people suffering from mental disorders is emphasised across all of these sections of the article. A breakdown of how the roles of specific mental health workers would be affected by adoption of Kinderman et al’s (2007) psychological model is also provided. The role of the mental health worker in this brave new world would be very much as part of a multi-discipl inary team. The role of psychiatrist focuses solely on biological interventions in terms of impact on psychological processes, and the traditional emphasis on psychiatry over other disciplines would be replaced by a more collaborative approach within a team of professionals across a number of disciples. Kinderman et al (2007) propose that nurses take on a broader role that encompasses psychological interventions, may carry more responsibility for clinical decisions, but still based on personal therapeutic relationships in both community and residential care settings. Psychologists are seen mainly as supervisors and trainers, and as formulating appropriate interventions as part of a multi-disciplinary team, rather than carrying them out. Social workers supply the social perspective to the team, and would be involved in socially based interventions, as opposed to psychological or biological interventions. Finally, occupational therapists also focus on the social aspects of care, speci fically social inclusion, and the article suggests that a closer relationship between occupational therapy and return to work advice may come about. I have attempted to place Kinderman et al’s (2007) article into context by reviewing literature related to this topic, so as to understand the issue of the medical model within the mental health services from different perspectives. Petrie, K., Broadbent, E., and Kydd, R. (2008) look at the affect of the patient’s own perception of their illness in terms of how the patient engages with mental health services and rehabilitative efforts. The self-regulation theory proposes that individuals form common-sense beliefs about their illness so that they can â€Å"understand and cope with health threats† (Leventhal et al., 1997; Leventhal, Nerenz, and Steele, 1984, as cited by Petrie et al 2008). Individuals actively try to understand their symptoms and their illness, which â€Å"†¦drives the patients coping and emotional responses to the health threat.† Petrie et al (2008) are arguing that the perceptions of the patient influence how they seek help, cope with interventions, rehabilitate, and respond emotionally to mental disorder. This view aligns to Kinderman et al’s (2007) view that social and cultural factors are as important as biological factors in how the mental health services engage with people suffering from mental disorders, and how well people respond to interventions. People’s perceptions of themselves are heavily contingent upon how they think other people see them, which is a social and cultural influence on an individual psychological construct. As an example of this Kondo, D. (1990), in reflecting as a researcher on her own experiences as a Japanese American describes how people â€Å"seemed to be constituted in and through social relations† and how the self is a dynamic construction. From this point of view, it is likely that an individuals’ perception of themselves, because it is a social construct, will change over time, and particularly with respect to how they perceive the state of mental disorder they suffer from, and how any intervention progresses (or not). This fits with Kinderman et al’s (2007) recognition that individuals are stigmatised through the application of the medical model to them, in the hands of the mental health service. Rose, Thornicroft, Pinfold, Kassam, (2007, as cited by Petrie et al 2008) point out that â€Å"the diagnoses used for mental health problems are more often associated with negative connotations.† Mà ¼ller DJ, Mandelli L, Serretti A, DeYoung CG, De Luca V, Sicard T, Tharmalingam S, Gallinat J, Muglia P, De Ronchi D, Jain U, Kennedy JL. (2008) carried out research into the influences of genetic and non-genetic factors on adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). According to Muller et al (2008), there is â€Å"strong evidence that ADHD is highly heritable and has a neurobiological underpinning† (Faraone and Biederman, 1999, as cited by Muller et al 2008), and that â€Å"low socioeconomic status, parental psychopathology, and family conflict† (Scahill et al., 1999 and Biederman et al., 2002, as cited by Muller et al 2008) are all strong contributors to the risk of ADHD. This view aligns to Kinderman et al’s (2007) view that social and cultural factors as well as biological factors need to be incorporated into the model that underpins mental health services policy. Muller et al (2007) concludes that the inclusion of â€Å"environmental factors in genetic studies, [would help] to resolve†¦Ã¢â‚¬  inconsistencies in studies of ADHD and of â€Å"†¦other psychiatric disorders.† Again, the importance of social and cultural factors as well as biological factors in understanding mental disorder is emphasised. Much research has linked suicide, and having suicidal thoughts, to depressive disorders. For example, â€Å"most adolescents with depressive disorders report significant suicidal ideation, and a significant minority report having made a suicide attempt during the course of their depression (Myers, McCauley, Calderon, Treder, 1991, as cited by Brown, R., Antonuccio, D., DuPaul, G., Fristad, M., King, C., Leslie, L., McCormick, G., Pelham, W., Piacentini, J., Vitiello, B., and Brown, R. 2008). It can be argued that suicide is a profoundly individual act. According to Durkheim, the motives of an individual could be explained by psychology, but psychology did not provide a general explanation of suicide as a ‘social fact’ (Smith, M., 1998). In Suicide (1897/1952, as cited by Smith, M. 1998), Durkheim studied suicide rates across time and place, and found patterns between suicide rates and amongst other factors, the geographic location of people that committed suicide, and membership of religious groups. It would seem that social and cultural factors had a very real impact upon the state of mind of individuals, and that there may also be psychological factors at play. In relation to the article under review here, it would therefore seem that not only do social and cultural processes need to be taken into account when caring for people with mental disorders, but psychological factors also influence, or perhaps mediate how social and cultural factors influence, the individual. This is broadly in line with Kinderman et al’s (2007) model, although the relationship between biological and psychological factors is not clear, and could stand further research, notwithstanding the limitations of this particular essay. It would also seem that professionals and researchers across several disciplines and schools of thought relating to mental disorders agree with Kinderman et al’s (2007) article, in terms of the need to include social and cultural factors in understanding and caring for people with mental disorders. In terms of my own career, Kinderman et al’s (2007) article illustrates the inadequacies within the existing structure and approach of mental health services, and how the mental health services could be improved by broadening the focus of the underlying model to include social and cultural causation of disruptions to individual psychological processes. I am unsure of how biological processes and psychological processes interrelate in terms of Kinderman et al’s (2007) model, but I would assume that in line with the deterministic causation of social and cultural factors, that psychological factors were are derived from biological factors. As a student considering a career in the mental health services, I see Kinderman et al’s (2007) article as very relevant. I chose the Kinderman et al (2007) article for review as it was of personal interest to me, and relevant to issues I may have to confront both in my future studies, and in my chosen career. I am specifically in terested in how people are engaged with by the mental health services, and how effective that engagement is, in terms of promoting individual agency, and respecting individual differences. My own feelings and thoughts around how people shape themselves, how people are shaped by external factors, and how people should be treated by society and by the mental health services, tend toward equality and non-judgemental institutions, processes and workers. Kinderman et al’s (2007) article and the thinking it embodies is provocative and very interesting, as it challenges the status quo, and the accepted medical model; a model that sees people as merely organisms rather than people with their own feelings, thoughts, histories and needs. As someone planning to work in the mental health arena, I would prefer to work within a structure that aligned with my own ideals and values, rather than being constrained by the ideas and values of the institution, and not being able to work in a way that I thought was effective and valuable. In writing this essay, the academic skills I have used include summarising, picking out key points, selecting relevant materials relating to the article under review, and constructing a logical flow of argument. I read the article itself through several times, first just to get a broad idea of the thrust of the article, and then again more carefully, paying attention to the points raised, and any thoughts I had related to the points raised. I noted down all of the ideas I had about the article at each reading, and used them to formulate a list of subjects for searching under on-line. These subjects included the main ideas underpinning the article, which included terms like medical, biological, illness, sickness, treatments, diagnosis, social / cultural influences (family, environment, socio-economic) psychological disorders, and related ideas like mental health, mental illness, intervention, child development, genetics, and psychiatry. I accessed the Open University library and carri ed out key word searches using different combinations of the terms themselves until I found articles that I could relate to the Kinderman et al (2007) article under review, and read, summarised and picked out key points. I then wrote up a rough essay plan that threaded all of the articles together, incorporating the key points of each, and led to the conclusion I had in mind, that is, the article was relevant to me, and was more or less supported by the additional reading I had done. I find studying academic skills as a subject useful, in that I feel as if I am developing a technique for better comprehending information and better expressing myself, by utilising evidence to support my views. This helps me to feel confident in approaching tasks that I may have felt previously were challenging because I was not comfortable that I knew how to achieve the objectives. I think I understand more about the process of working through information and evidence, with a view to applying that evidence to what I need to achieve. I feel as if I can see a logical path, which will help me to understand something and apply it in the way that I need to. In reflection, I think that one of the skills I have learnt is to break down things into smaller chunks that are more manageable. Taking a more methodical approach allows me to make sure I understand something fully before I move on to the next thing. This makes me feel as if I am achieving something at each step, rather than just gr inding through a long task with no clear end in sight. It helps me to feel as if I am in control, and as if I know what I am doing, which I think is what makes me feel more confident. In conclusion then, studying academic skills makes me feel more confident about tackling difficult tasks for which I would not previously have had the skills or confidence to tackle, and I demonstrated this to myself in carrying out this assignment. Bibliography References Kinderman, Peter, Sellwood, William and Tai, Sara (2007)Policy implications of a psychological model of mental disorder, Journal of Mental Health,17:1,93 — 103 Kinderman, Peter, and Tai, Sara (2008)‘Psychological models of mental disorder, human rights, and compulsory mental health care in the community’, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, Volume 31, Issue 6, December 2008, Pages 479-486 Petrie, Keith J. ; Broadbent, Elizabeth ; Kydd, Robert , (2008), Illness perceptions in mental health: Issues and potential applications, Journal of Mental Health, Volume 17, Issue 6 December 2008 , pages 559 564 Mà ¼ller DJ, Mandelli L, Serretti A, DeYoung CG, De Luca V, Sicard T, Tharmalingam S, Gallinat J, Muglia P, De Ronchi D, Jain U, Kennedy JL. (2008). Serotonin Transporter Gene and Adverse Life Events in Adult ADHD. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B 147B:1461-1469. Kondo, D. (1990), Crafting Selves: Power, Gender and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. 9, 11-24 Brown, R.T.; Antonuccio, D.O.; DuPaul, G.J.; Fristad, M.A.; King, C.A.; Leslie, L.K.; McCormick, G.S.; Pelham, W.E. Jr.; Piacentini, J.C.; Vitiello, B. (2008), Depressive disorders and suicidality, in Childhood mental health disorders: Evidence base and contextual factors for psychosocial, psychopharmacological, and combined interventions.; pp. 69-85. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. xii, 207 pp. Smith, M., (1998), Social Science in Question, London, Sage Publications in association with the Open University Press, p84

Parental Punishment And Accountability For Child Misbehavior Young People Essay

Parental Punishment And Accountability For Child Misbehavior Young People Essay Introduction The concept of parental liability laws in other words, taking a harsher stance toward parents for a juveniles crime has created its share of controversy. On the other hands, advocates claimed that parents did have the proper influence over children, and should be responsible if parents dont know where their children are, or what they are doing, they are accountable for the childrens illegal acts (Tyler et al, 2000). However, those who point out that child doesnt learn to be held accountable if they commit crimes and even the strictest parenting dont prevent a teenager from doing something stupid or reckless. Others point out that by punishing parents for what children do, the root cause of the crime isnt uncovered (Tyler et al, 2000).These arguments simply dont hold water. Parental accountability is very important when it comes to raising a child. Certainly teenagers (and adolescents) will get into mischief. But if parents are unwilling to take responsibility for learning what thei r children are up to (or where their children are), they need to be punished if their children misbehave, or even if they break the law. Parental Influence on Children Though parental liability laws are creating a great deal of controversy, there is little doubt that parents exert a huge influence on children and their behaviour. One research proves that alcoholics were likely to have parents who were alcoholics, while domestic abusers were likely abused themselves as children. Academic and research literature contains a wealth of information tying parental influence to childrens behaviour. In the area of peer influence, for example, Chen et al (2007) note that, in a study among California and Wisconsin high school students, it was found that parental influence on peer affiliation still is significant even as parental involvement in adolescents lives diminishes. But it isnt only growing teens that respond to parental influences. Infants, even very young infants, respond to parental stress and react to it (Molfese et al, 2010). In fact, it has been revealed that parental stress and/or reaction can actually have an impact on vocabulary and cognitive development (Molfese et al, 2010). On the other side weve seen literature extolling the positive benefits of tools such as parental training on the success of children. For example, Sheely-Moore and Bratton (2010) discussed how a family-oriented, strengths-based approach toward working with lower-income African American families helped raise childrens grades while lowering school discipline problems. The authors in this study pointed to the need of positive parental involvement on childrens academic achievement and socio-economic development, though pointed out that parental involvement can be difficult for those who live in poverty (Sheely-Moore and Bratton, 2010). Furthermore, it has been proven that parental influence also has an influence on driving among their teenage offspring (Crawford-Faucker, 2009). According to the National Young Driver Survey (involving 5,665 students in grades 9 through 11) parenting styles had a definite impact on choices the young drivers made (Crawford-Faucker, 2009). The authoritative parenting style combining emotional support with clear rules and monitoring had a definite (and positive) influence on driving-related behaviours and other attitudes among adolescents (Crawford-Faucker, 2009). These teens had a lower crash risk, experienced fewer crashes as passengers and were twice as likely to wear seat belts as a driver (or passenger) then were teens with uninvolved parents (Crawford-Faucker, 2009). Furthermore, this group reported less alcohol use (Crawford-Faucker, 2009). But harsh verbal and physical discipline isnt necessary the way to go, either. McKee et al (2007) studied harsh verbal and physical discipline and child problem behaviours in a sample of 2,582 parents and their fifth and sixth grade children. The findings indicated that the harsh discipline was associated with child behaviour problems, with one dimension of positive parenting parental warmth helping to buffer children from the more detrimental influences of the harsher physical discipline (McKee et al, 2007). In this section that parents have a huge influence on their kids, whether those kids are tiny, helpless infants or defiant teenagers. Children tend to mimic their parents, for better or for worse. Some years ago, the organization Partnership for a Drug-Free America aired a series of advertisements showing a father breaking into his sons room, drug paraphernalia in his hands. Where did you get this? the father thunders. Where did you get this and how do you know about it?I know about it by watching you! the son cries out. I watched you do it! The point of the commercial, of course, is that children will take their cues from their parents. If parents act in a responsible manner and own up to a mistake or problem situation, children will take that same cue. If, however, parents are carelessness and put the blame on other people for their own mistakes, children will do the same things. Discussion The issue we need to address here, however, is that this is not necessarily a black or white scenario. Tyler et al (2000) point out that the parental liability laws, in which parents are charged with the crime committed by their offspring, could end up penalizing the poor. In a poor family, both parents might be working leaving their children to their own devices, simply because they cant afford child care. Furthermore, if a child is delinquent, poor people (at least, in theory) may not be able to afford counselling to find out the problem. Few people want their children to be delinquent (especially lower-income people). But then again, even among poor families, we find out that not all children are delinquent. What is the difference between the well-behaved children of poorer families and those who act out? One word: Parenting. Even if there isnt a male role model in the house, many times, the matriarch of the family takes a strict stance among her offspring, raising Cain if the offspring get into trouble. Furthermore, there are resources for parents of lower income families to find help for their children if there are issues. Though going through governmental red tape can be a hassle to find a counsellor, a community agency or even religious organization official can be of great help in an area such as this. The point here is that there is really no excuse for the parent not to get help if the child acts out.What about if the childs mother is little more than a child herself? If this is a situation of a teenage mother who doesnt know how to parent, the situation changes a little, but not a whole lot. The teen mother still needs to be penalized, and then needs to be mandated to attend parenting classes. Failure to do so is the teen moms choice and if the teen mom doesnt attend classes, this tells the law enforcement officials that her defiance could be passed on to her children. Poverty isnt a good thing and it makes things very difficult, especially as it pertains to the parent-child relationship. But to use that excuse not to charge parents for a childs conduct is passing on responsibility. Such a situation may serve as a wake-up call for not only the child, but the parent who is involved with the childs upbringing. Conclusion Parenting is not an easy job and there is nothing more frustrating than hearing from the school or from the police that ones child is in trouble. Furthermore, there are those who point to the fact that trying to manage an unruly team is tough, and its not the parents responsibility if the teen gets into trouble.But this isnt true. Weve shown, through the literature, that parents have influence on their teenagers, even if their teenagers dont seem to be listening to them. Parents who keep lecturing to their kids about the evils of drugs and alcohol abuse are likely to have kids who grow up disdaining both of those substances. However, if kids see their parents freely addicted in alcohol (or drugs), the kids will ask themselves why not? and go ahead do the same thing. Parental liability laws arent meant to be malicious, nor are they meant to beat up on parents. What they are trying to do is to help parents teach their kids some responsibility. Even parents in poverty stricken families have a choice as to how they raise their kids. If they make the wrong choice, and the kids break laws as a result, the parents need to be held responsible.

Argumentative Essay: Teachers Should Earn More Than Athletes :: Persuasive Essay

Why do teachers get paid so much less than sports players? A teacher mentors a child or teenager and gives them knowledge. A sports player plays a game in which they are good at and love to do. So why does a sports player live a dream life earning millions of dollars a year while a teacher is stuck living the middle class life. A teacher gives a student the gift of knowledge, teaching them day by day helping the student almost all the time. Giving the student the choice to do something great with their life. Whether or not the student decides to do something with this chance is up to them. On the other hand more sports player have little or no interaction with their fans. The most interaction some sports players have with their younger fans is through charity events, or by being paid to sign autographs. So why are sports players so much more glorified than teachers. The majority of teachers get paid a middle class salary, live a middle class life and harldy ever get looked at as major influences to kids; however, just because a sports player plays a game like no other they could be famous, a millionaire, and looked at as a hero to people across the country or even worldwide. Even when off the field that phenomenal sports player might never do a thing for their fans they are hardly ever looked at negatively for not paying attention to their fans. A teachers job is to pay attention to each and everyone of their students they deal with students day by day and year by year compared to the sports player of having a ten year at most length career. Is it fair that two people born with a gift, one has the gift to play a game like no one else and the other has a gift of teaching. Granted that some aports players can be good role models for their fans and making an adloesence believe in themselves that they can do something great in their life that they never thought possible. But a teacher can show a student that they can also do things they never thought possible. A teacher has the ability to change lives of many students. They should be given more gratitude for doing what they do and for dealing with the stereotypes and disapproval of the students lives they’re trying to change.

Assisted Suicide :: essays research papers

Assisted Suicide In reaction to the law the Michigan Legislature recently passed outlawing assisted suicide, I found myself with many mixed feelings. I found myself often feeling bad for the patients Dr. Kevorkian dealt with but more often felt sorry for him that he should be responsible for so many deaths. It is a sad road to travel on when faced with a terminal disease. It includes many harsh realities and many are not prepared to deal with their illness. There are many aspects I chose to look at when preparing to write this paper. A person's self-worth is one and also the doctor's evaluation of a person's self-worth. I chose to take my own personal stand on the issue, which includes my own opinions, feelings, and thoughts on the many controversies surrounding Euthanasia. I also chose to write about the "Slippery Slope" for I find it to be a very relevant and useful tool in looking at the topic of Euthanasia. This is a very interesting subject to me for I look ahead at the next few years of many painful deaths for a family that is getting very old. When looking at someone's self-worth†¦what they feel they can offer, you have to put into perspective what they are dealing with. Of course, someone who is slowly dieing of a terminal disease is going to find their self-worth at virtually nothing. They are depressed and in pain and are not capable of doing things on their own any longer. What pride is there in that? Most people find none. On a more personal level, I would find pride in waking up each day, and in waking up each day trying to find something to smile about. I could find pride in knowing that even though I am dieing†¦and I am in pain†¦that I am still able to be strong for the people who love me. I find pride and dignity in that and that makes my self-worth†¦something worth saving. I have been brought up in a Catholic family. Therefore, many of my opinions on controversial issues such as this stem from my upbringing. However, I have been able to do the research and form my own opinions. And, even so, I still think assisted suicide is wrong. When one person is responsible for the stopping of another person's heart from beating, it should be considered murder. And, I equally agree that it shouldn't have taken a case where

Clean Edge Razor

Clean Edge Razor Haifeng Chen 1. What changes are occurring in the non-disposable razor category? Assess Paramount’s competitive position. What are the strategic life cycle challenges for Paramount’s current product as well as for Clean Edge? The rate of new-product introductions for non-disposable razors and refill cartridges had accelerated in recent years, with an unprecedented flurry of 22 new stock-keeping units being introduced between 2008 and 2009. Most of these new SKUs were line extensions targeted at the super-premium segment and promoted benefits from advances in technology.Because of the new product introductions and in order to simulate demand, total media advertising expenditures in this category had been rising faster than retail market sales, and this trend was expected to continue. And the distribution of such products has been changed for the increasing shelf space for the product category. And the consumers have changed into more sophisticated in sha ving. Paramount has two non-disposable products, which allow the company to capture the unit-volume market-leader position.About the product life cycle, providing a product with good cost x benefit but with a short life cycle for the 33% called â€Å"Maintenance users† keeping these users buying their products and interested in their brands. Otherwise, launch the Clean Edge product with a longer life cycle. Also, making this product profitable creating a fidelity from the consumer when they buy cartridges for refill. 2. How is the non-disposable razor market segmented? Examine consumer behavior for non-disposable razors. Paramount found that the intensity of involvement with the product varied significantly among consumers.There is a group of consumers that Paramount labeled as â€Å"Maintenance Shavers† who were almost completely disinterested in the product category. They treat the shaving as a chore and do it inconsistently. â€Å"Social/Emotional† shavers we re motivated by the overall shaving experience. They think that shaving is an essential part of a daily grooming ritual and also makes them feel more attractive and confident. â€Å"Aesthetic† shavers were more fancy of cosmetic result. They not only remove the unwanted hair but also want to smooth skin. The three categories have different wants and demands in a shaving behavior.We can observe that 67%(39%+28%)consumers are focusing on the premium segment. Also, they are becoming more sophisticated and expecting new technologies to smooth the shaving process. 3. What are the arguments for launching clean air as (a) a niche product; (b) a mainstream brand? Which would you recommend? What are the strategic implications of your recommendation? The argument for launching Clean Edge as a niche product is that if launching the Clean Edge as a mainstream product, the company would face a crisis that the customers of Pro products would transfer to the Clean Edge.The strategy will dil ute the brand power for the Pro so as to lead to the unwanted cannibalization. Otherwise, launching Clean Edge would complement the existing product portfolio so that expand the product line. If launching it as mainstream product, the reasons are that the consumers are becoming more sophisticated and expect more advanced technology. Positioning Clean Edge as a mainstream product will help prevent loyal Paramount customers from being wooed away to more innovative brands. My recommendation is based on the initial financial forecasts for both options and the ROI.The Exhibit 7 indicates that the total cost of launching niche first year is 1*5+4*2. 43+15+0. 61=30. 33m, the revenue is 9. 09*1+7. 35*4=38. 49m. The ROI would be 38. 49-30. 33/30. 33*100%=27%. The total cost of launching mainstream is 3. 3*4. 74+9. 9*2. 24+42+1. 71=81. 528m, the revenue is 3. 3*7. 83+9. 9*6. 22=87. 417m. The ROI would be 87. 417-81. 528/81. 528*100%=7. 2%. After calculation, I would choose to launch it as nic he product, because the ROI of niche product is much more greater than mainstream one which means we can invest less to gain more. 4.Based on your positioning strategy, what brand name and marketing budget allocations would you recommend? Based on my positioning strategy, the brand name would be more suitable for standing apart from the current lines with an emphasis on the â€Å"Clean Edge† name. because the positioning is launching a niche product which is a branch of the main brand. If the new product does not well in its sales performance, it would not hurt the main brand intensively. The other reason is that applying this sort of brand name, it would not easily cannibalize the main brand product, which is good for the existing product.Speaking of the budget allocation, I will recommend the company focus on the advertising more. Because we position the product as a niche product, the buying behavior will slightly relate to the trade promotion. The targeting group doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t really care about the trade promotion, what they really care about is that if there is a specialized product made for them. The essential part is letting them know there is something we made for them. So I think the company can reallocate the trade promotion budget on the advertising budget.

Victims Movement

Victimology in its most simple form is the study of the victim or victims of a particular offender (Roberson. & Wallace, 2011). I feel that the Victims’ Movement has not yet reached its full potential because just like every form of law, legislature or even government there is always ways to improve and to become stronger. Much like when we started to form our government it had so many flaws and it still today has the ability to improve. The problem is that as society changes and crime changes the laws and the system have to change with it in order for things to improve. When it comes to crimes it isn’t just the victim that is affected, everyone involved is affected including the offender and the society. Starting in the 1960’s victims of crime began to volunteer with many different programs to assist other victims, speaking on their behalf and trying to fight for rights and fighting for a voice. Because of these actions we now have programs like Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) which is an agency that provides funds for law enforcement to establish victim-witness programs (Roberson, Wallace, 2011). The downfall in creating programs like this is the funding, having the money to pay for them. That was exactly the problem in in the 70’s and 80’s, not enough funding to keep them going. This is a problem for a lot of law enforcement and criminal programs. Not to be discouraged the movement just started to move into specialized groups such as National Coalition Against Sexual Assault, and POMC; Parents of Murdered Children. Another one that we hear about a great deal still today is MADD which is Mothers Against Drunk Drivers founded in 1980 by Candy Lightner whose daughter was killed by a drunk driver (Roberson,Wallace,2011). Having these programs can be so helpful to so many people that it is important to have the money to fund them; this can be a problem for those who need it. So what is there for us to do to ensure that they remain available? Are there ways to continue to be effective? I feel that there are ways to ensure that the Victims Movement reaches its absolute full potential and to ensure that nobody goes unnoticed that may need such programs. I feel that it is important to have contingency plans and goals to achieve success. First continue to get the word out, be the voice for the people who may not have their own anymore. With the MADD organization there goal is to â€Å"To aid the victims of crimes performed by individuals driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, to aid the families of such victims and to increase public awareness of the problem of drinking and drugged driving (MADD. org). † With this organization they have saved nearly 300,000 lives by doing the work they do; by having MADD in all 50 states, 1,200 victims’ advocates in 48 states and 20 volunteer hotlines that help people 24/7 ( MADD. rg). These programs don’t always get money from the government, they often have to raise money, and they are often non-profit organizations, but without them victims may have no other resources. Plan for the future. Having goals to help people, to help the victims and even the families of crimes like drunk driving or sexual assault needs follow through. They need someone to sa y â€Å"OK let’s get together and make a plan, let’s get as many drunk drivers off the road as we can†. It takes a leader to get groups going, to make a difference in so many people’s lives, and it shouldn’t take a tragedy to get people to do something about it. Get as much support as you can. Being a victim doesn’t just happen, these organizations don’t just happen and the Victims Movement can’t thrive on its own. These things need support; they need support from communities, the need support from society and they need support from the government. There are times when we need laws, laws to prevent people from being able to commit the same crime unpunished and able to hurt other people. Law enforcement agencies should be involved as much as possible too within their own communities, providing assistance programs and advocates to support victims or all involved that have their lives forever changed. These are things that can help make the changes we need, the changes we need to continue righting the wrongs and to forever make a difference in the lives of so many people.

Should Cigarette Smoking Be Banned

Smoking has been part of our life for many centuries now. It has evolved from simple tobacco type rolled in leaf to a more refined stick that has filter. Many people because of the smoke it produces. Many studies have suggested that smoking carries with it many different disease complications and that it should be limited if not totally banned. In my opinion smoking should definitely be banned in public places as it not only has deleterious effects on the non smokers present there but also may cause allergic coughing to many people. Besides, many youngsters are fascinated by the act of smoking and try to imitate it which may later develop into a habit. The first and foremost argument for the implementation and regulation of a smoking ban is very obviously, health related. No one who smokes is unaware of the various ill effects that it has. The number of chemicals that are present in one single cigarette is mind boggling. And regular smoking can lead to severe health conditions like oral cancer, lung cancer, etc. Why someone would want themselves to go through such an ordeal is beyond most people. While smokers may argue that it is an addiction, what they cannot answer is that: is this addiction stronger than the value of their lives? The more they smoke, the more susceptible they become to adverse health conditions. So, there's no real motive for people to want them to stop smoking, in private or in public, but for their own better health. Smoke which arises when a person smokes a cigarette, bide or cigar is more hazardous to a passive smoker who inhales the smoke being in close vicinity of the active smoker. The smoke being inhaled by the former is unfiltered thereby causing more ill effects. Several pulmonary diseases such as cough, bronchitis, asthma and last but not the least carcinoma of lungs may occur as a consequence of smoking. Next, this may be the most overused argument for people to stop smoking in the presence of other people: the passive smoking effect. It's not like they don't know that they are putting others' health and lives in danger, they do it in spite of it. Smoking around people has an effect on their health as well. Sometimes, these conditions can get even worse than those of the smokers themselves. Where's the justice in that? People who smoke get affected, and people around them, because of them, get affected too. It's high time smokers realized their intentional ignorance and took some responsibility. If not for themselves, at least for those around them. If they argue about their ‘rights' being infringed by banning smoking, what about the rights of those getting affected by their incessant puffing? Are they not entitled to clean fresh air to breathe. The clean, fresh air that smokers make it so difficult to maintain. Many countries such as India have implemented a ban on public smoking. It has become mandatory to have no smoking zones in all eating joints, recreation centers etc. This practice may seem as a curbing of ones right to freedom especially to the smokers but surely this step will go a long way in achieving a healthier life style. Many people who gradually become aware of the ill effects of smoking are turning towards dead diction centers to get rid of this habit. Even the advocates of smoking in public areas disapprove of the practice when it comes to their off springs. Witnessing the elders smoking kindles similar desire in a youngster thereby giving birth to a new generation aft smoker. Advertently or inadvertently, smokers do tend to influence those around them. Whether it is a teenager who's just entered high school, or a young child watching his father smoking at home or even a working professional who is trying to fit in with his colleagues; it is very easy to get influenced by someone who is seen smoking, especially when the smoker gives it so much importance and glorifies it like it is the best thing to do. This definitely has an impact on what the person thinks about smoking, and it more often than not, leads people to begin smoking. If smokers argue that it is up to the people to make their own decisions and that they shouldn't smoke if they don't want to, then they are very highly underestimating the power of peer pressure. In conclusion, To avoid these evils of smoking and ensure a healthy platform for the youth it is not only our duty but need of the day to condemn such practices if not completely then at least socially.. Claiming smoking withdrawal symptoms is just an excuse that smokers take refuge in. What they do not realize is that they have the power to control, and eventually stop the terrible habit that has affected and continues to affect millions across the globe. Will they not make it a better, cleaner and safer place to live in for their own future generations? So, if an answer is required for the question: should smoking be banned in public places or even in private areas, then it is a very straightforward one: YES, it should! In general, I think the world be a better place without cigarettes. However, the decisions as to whether to smoke or not should be for each individual to make.

Compare and Contrast Helena and Hermia in “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”

â€Å"Two lovely berries moulded on to one stem/ so with two seeming bodies but one heart†¦..† In William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream Helena confronts Hermia to remind her once again of their relationship. A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a play about the two Athenian couples who constantly run through the course of true love. In this play Helena and Hermia are the two characters that have found their true lovers but are running through obstacles that prevent them to be with their loves.Hermia who is in love with Lysander has to go against the will of her Father Eugeus, while Helena has yet to make her love that is Demetrius fall in love with her. The whole play twists around the lovers and the way they approach to love and courtship. Although Hermia and Helena are both willing to risk honour for true love; in truth Hermia is confident in her approach to courtship while Helena lacks self-esteem.Hermia and Helena are both willing to risk their honour for their true loves. For example Hermia is risking her honour by running away with her true love Lysander:My good Lysander, I swear to thee by Cupid’s strongest bow, By his best arrow with the golden head, By the simplicity of Venus’ doves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. By all vows that ever men have broke (In number more than ever women spoke), In that same place thou hast appointed me, Tomorrow truly will I meet thee. (1.1.169-178)Hermia vows upon the strongest symbols of love such as Cupid’s strongest bow, and Venus’ doves as her promise to meet Lysander at the place where they’ll elope. Hermia is risking her reputation by running away with Lysander, because she leaves the city with a person who she loves and trusts but is not married to, so therefore the society may consider her act as a disappointing example for other civilians. While Hermia is willing to risk her honour for Lysander, Helena is willing to risk her repute for the sake of her true love Demetrius. This is best illustrated by Demetrius who states: You do impeach your modesty too much,To leave the city and commit yourself Into the hands of one that loves you not, To trust the opportunity of night And the ill counsel of a desert place With the rich worth of your virginity. (2.1. 199-204)This passage from Demetrius depicts that Helena is risking her reputation by being alone with him at night in a deserted forest. As stated by Demetrius, Helena is committing herself to someone who does not love her and therefore she cannot trust Demetrius with the rich worth of her virginity. â€Å"Your virtue is my privilege†¦..†(2.1.205).Helena’s reply to Demetrius’s statement is that Demetrius will protect her with his virtue so therefore leaving the city and being alone with him does not seem to Helena as risking her honour. In conclusion Hermia and Helena are both connected in terms of risking their honour for Lysander and Demetrius. Helena and Hermia ar e both willing to risk their honour for true love, yet they both are also different in their approach to get to their lovers to be with them. For example the passage below shows Hermia’s confidence at her approach with Lysander. †¦.But, gentle friend, for love and courtesyLie further off in human modesty. Such separation as may well be said Becomes a virtuous bachelor and a maid. So far be distant. And, good night, sweet friend. Thy love ne’er alter till thy sweet life end! (2.2. 45-50)Hermia is confident in her approach to courtship because knows how to say no to Lysander on something that may not seem right to her such as sleeping with him. Separation before marriage is a right thing for Hermia to do and she has the confidence to express herself to Lysander. When Hermia tells Lysander to lie further off in human modesty she says it without hesitation. In this case Helena lacks the confidence that Hermia has in her approach to love. Helena is insecure about her i dentity and often compares her body image to Hermia’s as she does in the following passage. Call you me â€Å"fair†? That â€Å"fair† again unsay.Demetrius loves your fair. O happy fair! Your eyes are lodestars, and your tongue’s sweet air More tunable than lark to shepherd’s ear When wheat is green, when hawthorn buds appear. Sickness is catching. Oh, were favor so, Yours would I catch, fair Hermia, ere I go. My ear should catch your voice. My eye, your eye. My tongue should catch your tongue’s sweet melody†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (1.1. 181-189)This passage describes that Helena is insecure about her body image as well as her personality. Helena thinks that Demetrius loves Hermia because of her beauty which makes Helena think that she is inferior to Hermia. Even though both Helena and Hermia are both known to have the same beauty; Helena finds herself uglier because she doesn’t have the love of Demetrius. Helena’s approach to her love i s weaker than that of Hermia’s because of her insecurity and a low self-esteem. Helena wants Hermia’s beauty to be a sickness that she can contract.Hermia’s sweet strain, her lodestar eyes, and Hermia’s overall beauty is what Helena wishes and her insecurity about herself. As a result Hermia’s approach to courtship is stronger because of the high level of confidence she has, whereas Helena lacks that confidence because of her insecurity about herself. To conclude, although Hermia and Helena are both willing to risk their honour for true love, Hermia is stronger at her approach to love and courtship, and Helena lacks self-esteem  because of the insecurity about herself.Hermia is willing to risk her reputation by running away with Lysander, while Helena is willing to risk her reputation by being alone with Demetrius at night. With this connection also comes an alteration, when Hermia proves her confidence that Helena is not bound to have. Hermia kn ows how to say no to something that may not seem right to her. â€Å"Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind/ therefore is wing’d Cupid painted blind†¦..† (1.1. 234-235). Helena’s statement that love is blind and looks with the eyes depicts that she approaches to love thoughtlessly; do you think this approach makes her successful in winning the heart of Demetrius?

Curriculum Development and Teaching Strategies for Gifted Learners Essay

Curriculum Development and Teaching Strategies for Gifted Learners - Essay Example For practices to be developmentally appropriate, they must be individually appropriate. Developmentally appropriate programs must reflect the importance of establishing a caring, inclusive community in which all children can learn and, importantly, where the potential of gifted preschoolers may be realized and given the opportunity to flourish. The question, thus, becomes, how can teachers identify gifted children and what are the guidelines for designing a curriculum for gifted children With the importance of individualized learning environments for gifted children, the problems of curriculum design, resources and balancing between the child's socio-emotional and intellectual needs express themselves. Schools are in a position where they have to undertake the identification of gifted children, design appropriate curriculum for each (ideally) and personalize teaching approaches to suit the needs of the individual, potentially gifted, preschooler. Needless to say, it is virtually impossible to satisfy all of the stated. The objective, thus, becomes the accurate identification of the gifted, the subsequent design of a curriculum and selection of teaching approaches which would address the needs of the gifted child without overlooking the child's social and emotional needs on the one hand, and which are founded on a realistic assessment of the school's resources. 3 Defining Giftedness Over the past century, the meaning of gifted' has changed from a single-dimensional (High IQ) definition to one in which multiple abilities and intelligences are recognized (Sternberg, 1993). This understanding has opened the door to a greater understanding of gifted students and their needs in schools. The most commonly used definition of gifted and talented is provided by the Educational Amendment of 1978. It is, according to Sternberg (1993), a multi-dimensional definition based on the report to the U.S. Congress by the U.S. Commissioner of Education, Sidney Marland. As stated in this report, gifted children include those with demonstrated ability or achievement, or with the potential for achievement in any one, or combination, of the following (Sternberg, 1993): General intellectual ability Specific academic aptitude Creative or productive thinking Leadership ability Visual and performing arts Psychomotor ability By specifying six areas of achievement, the report suggests that giftedness is a complex phenomenon which can assume many forms, or several overlapping ones (Sternberg, 1993). 4 Identification of Gifted Children Identifying gifted children is always difficult. At the preschool/kindergarten level, formal testing procedures to identify gifted and talented children are not common. Therefore, early childhood educators should be aware of the behavior and traits displayed by gifted children. In this way, teachers can recognize developmentally advanced or potentially gifted children under their care. To facilitate the identification process, Saylor (cited in Sternberg and Grigorenko, 2003) summarized the characteristics of gifted young

Comparison Peter Singer's and Garrett Hardin's Positions on Helping Article

Comparison Peter Singer's and Garrett Hardin's Positions on Helping the Poor - Article Example In his article Hardin contrasts two metaphors: â€Å"spaceship metaphor† and â€Å"lifeboat metaphor†. The first metaphor represents the egalitarian model of distributive justice, which the author considers unreasonable: The spaceship metaphor can be dangerous when used by misguided idealists to justify suicidal policies for sharing our resources through uncontrolled immigration and foreign aid. (Hardin) The latter is a new concept introduced by Hardin. â€Å"Lifeboat ethics† advocates the state-centered approach to justice: First, we must recognize the limited capacity of any lifeboat. For example, a nation's land has a limited capacity to support a population and as the current energy crisis has shown us, in some ways we have already exceeded the carrying capacity of our land. (Hardin) From a utilitarian standpoint helping the poor puts a strain on the economy of the rich countries, where certain groups get financial benefit from the charity programs. The autho r shows how the concept of the World Food Bank cannot possibly be implemented to achieve the goal: Some countries will deposit food in the world food bank, and others will withdraw it. There will be almost no overlap. As a result of such solutions to food shortage emergencies, the poor countries will not learn to mend their ways and will suffer progressively greater emergencies as their populations grow (Hardin). In the author’s view giving help to the poor is the result of a misunderstood concept of justice. In this approach, the poor are seen as victims of circumstances: unfavorable geographical position, unequal distribution of resources on the planet, ineffective government, weather conditions, and emergency situations like natural disasters. The author stresses that the rich face similar difficulties, but learn to overcome them. The arguments lead the author to the controversial thesis: it is morally wrong to give food aid to poor countries. Hardin gives a rational justi fication for the ineffectiveness of food and technology solutions offered by rich nations. To emphasize his point he returns to the lifeboat metaphor and shows that in poor countries population grows faster and in they would eventually overturn their own boats and the ones belonging to the rich (Hardin). If the moral concept of guilt comes into play the author, introduces the metaphor of a lifeboat where a sympathetic passenger feels guilty for being in the boast while many people have to be in the water. He gives his seat to the one swimming in the sea, but the person who takes the place feels no guilt for having what others don’t have.  Ã‚  

Human Resources Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resources - Case Study Example It is worth mentioning in this context that an individual is free to do anything as long as he or she does not violate the nation’s constitution. Oiler’s activities, on this basis, can also be argued as the ones that do not violate the nation’s constitution, which lacked any protection for transgender or even did not provide any legal barrier to such activities. Moreover, Peter Oiler has always been punctual, trustworthy, and an exceptionally productive employee. He has always performed his tasks honestly, without giving the management any chance to make any complaints. He has always been working hard for the betterment of the organization and was treated as an asset for the company by his peers. There have been no complaints regarding his discipline or manners at the workplace even before his dismissal. In addition to these facts, even his co-workers did not have any complaints either with his work or with his cross-dressing. It should be noted that Civil rights Acts of 1964, Title VII (Equal Employment Opportunities) prohibits any kind of employee discrimination based on color, sex, race and national origin (National Archives, n.d.). It should be noticed that Peter Oiler was a truck driver in the organization and not the employee of a higher rank; therefore, it can be argued that Winn-Dixie has not only violated the employees’ rights but has also lost one of its loyal and hardworking employees (Texas Woman’s University, 2012). To be precise, the case apparently depicts that the rights of Oiler were violated. Question 2 ‘Employment at-will’ is being followed in many American states by the employers or the organizations to fire their employees and end the employment relationship without any liability, especially in cases which do not involve any defined contract (Texas Woman’s University, 2012). Such practices have often been observed to impose negative impacts on the employees and often de-motivate them fr om giving their best to the organization. It may also result in the decline in their productivity for the organization, distorting its image to a certain extent. In this case, after Peter Oiler’s termination, a fear and a doubt have arose in the minds of the Winn-Dixie’s employees concerning their job security and future – they thought that what had happen with Oiler can also happen to any other employee of the organization. This activity of the organization also raised many questions regarding its trust-worthiness among the employees. It may create tension between the organization and the employees, creating hurdles in the way of the organization to achieve its predetermined missions and objectives. Employees may also stop focusing much on the quality of their performance, which may ruin the overall image of the organization. Even if new ideas are generated among the employees, they may resist communicating them to the management, as they are afraid to lose the ir job. Furthermore, people are likely to resist the interference of any other entity in their personal life without liability. If the organization like Winn-Dixie continues to relate one’s personal life with one’s workplace performances, the employees are likely to consider it as a restriction to their personal space, which can affect the company’